Ahi Pepe and tikanga

Ahi Pepe MothNet is a citizen science project that explores New Zealand’s native¹ moths, their distributions and whether vegetation² restoration impacts moth diversity. One aspect of the project is trapping, collecting and pinning moths to create local reference collections.

Rights: The University of Waikato Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato

Insect specimens

Scientists at Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research collect and store various insect specimens for use as a reference collection. They use these for research and biosecurity.

Why have reference collections?

Museums like Te Papa Tongarewa and institutes like Manaaki Whenua³ – Landcare Research hold reference collections. The collections are made up of animal and plant specimens and are records of species⁴ found at particular points in time. Historical collections help scientists detect changes in the number and diversity of species that inhabit an area and evolutionary changes that may happen within species.

Museum collections hold reference specimens called ‘type’ specimens. These are the physical specimen⁵ of a new species as nominated by the author at the time of publication of the original description. Type specimens are important as they provide a reference point for the future if there are questions about the species.

In addition to the big national collections, scientists make smaller collections to catalogue regional or local species. They record the location, date and other details before carefully pinning or storing the specimen. Having a physical specimen helps scientists ensure they are calling the same species by the same name. Knowing where different species are found also helps with conservation⁶ and biosecurity⁷ management.

Schools working with Ahi Pepe MothNet also make reference collections. The collections make it easier for the students to identify the different moth species in their local area. Students can use their collections to identify moth species, make comparisons between species and keep track of species diversity.

Reference collections and ethical issues

Collections are an accepted part of science. Scientists understand that, to make a collection, living things need to be euthanised⁸ (killed). However, what may be acceptable to scientists like Dr Barbara Anderson, science leader of the Ahi Pepe MothNet team, isn’t acceptable to the tamariki⁹ she works with at Te Kura¹⁰ Kaupapa Māori o Ōtepoti.

Students want to be the scientists, use this equipment and gain these skills, but they want to minimise the impact on their cultural beliefs as much as possible.

Tiahuia Kawe-Small

For Māori, kaitiakitanga¹¹ is an overarching concept regarding the care and guardianship of the environment. Everything in the world has a mauri¹² (life force) that is to be respected. The students had ethical issues with the thought of killing creatures that are to be cherished as gifts from Tāne.

Consultation with the wider community

Students, teachers and the wider whānau¹³ met to find a way to pursue the science in a way that would have minimal impact on their cultural beliefs. They considered photographing the moths and using the images as references. However, it’s much easier to compare a live moth to a pinned, three-dimensional specimen than it is to compare it to an image.

The solution is to consider the value reference collections can offer to the moth population¹⁴ as a whole. By sacrificing a few moths, students and scientists are learning a lot about biodiversity¹⁵ and how stable the local moth population is. Understanding the real value that the sacrificed moths give to the greater moth population allows the students and whānau to put their concerns to rest and establish tikanga¹⁶ to honour the moths’ contribution to the project.

Students use Heath moth traps to trap and collect moths for identification and study. The captured moths are chilled in the fridge for a few minutes to lower their body temperature¹⁷. This reduces their activity and makes them more easily observable by the tamariki. The students then select two specimens from each species and recite a special karakia¹⁸ giving thanks to Tāne-mahuta o Rehua for gifting the moths to the Earth. The selected moths go into the freezer where they quietly go to sleep. The remainder of the moths are set free.

Students use identification guides to identify the sacrificed moths. They then create labels and carefully pin them to create the reference collections. Fortunately, moths are quick and prolific breeders. By only taking a few of each whānau (species), moth numbers are minimally impacted – but our knowledge of moths is greatly enhanced.